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APA referencing

This guide introduces the APA referencing style and includes examples of citations. Mae'r canllaw hon hefyd ar gael yn Gymreag.

Notes on referencing images

  • Images include photographs, picture, drawing or diagrams. 

  • The author of an image is the person who created the image, such as the artist, photographer or creator. If an author cannot be established, use the title instead of the author. 

  • If an image does not have a title replace the title with a description in square brackets.

How to reference images

 

Reference order:

  1. Artist/Creator/Photographer.  
  2. Year of publication. (in round brackets).
  3. Title of Image (in italics). 
  4. Description - Photograph/Picture/Drawing/Diagram etc. (in square brackets).
  5. Webpage where image was found.
  6. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL https:// 

In-text example

The picture of the brain shows … (Open University, 2019). 
OR 
The Open University picture of the brain shows … (2019). 

Reference list

Open University. (2019). Looking down on the brain. [Picture]. Open Learn: Starting with Psychology: 2.1 A brain of two halves. Retrieved August 4, 2023, from https://www.open.edu/openlearn/health-sports-psychology/psychology/starting-psychology/content-section-2.1

Please note, that the software used for this guide does not enable reference list examples to be shown with a 0.5 inch indent, which is how APA references should appear in a reference list.

Reference order

  1. Artist/Creator/Photographer. 
  2. Year of publication (in round brackets).
  3. Title of image.
  4. Description - Photograph/Picture/ Drawing/Diagram etc. (in square brackets).
  5. In   
  6. Author(s)/Editor(s) of book if different from the Artist/Creator/Photographer. 
  7. Title of book (in italics). 
  8. Edition if not the first edition, followed by page number(s) for image. (in round brackets).
  9. Publisher.
  10. DOI if available https://doi.org/ 

In-text example

Images where there is a named artist, photographer or creator. 

The drawing shows ... (Sally, 2023, p.70). 
OR 
Sally’s drawing shows (2023, p.70). 

Images where there is not a named artist, photographer or creator. 

The photograph shows ... (Collaborative making with paint, leaves and pencil, 2023, p.104). 
OR 
Collaborative making with paint, leaves and pencil shows (2023, p.104). 

Reference example

Where there is a named artist/photographer/creator 

Sally. (2023). Help the gorillas. [Drawing]. In Arizpe, E., Noble, K., & Styles, M., Children reading pictures: new contexts and approaches to picture books. (3rd ed., p.70). Routledge. 

If no named artist/photographer/creator 

Collaborative making with paint, leaves and pencil. (2023). [Photograph]. In Arizpe, E., Noble, K., & Styles, M., Children reading pictures: new contexts and approaches to picture books. (3rd ed., p.104). Routledge. 

Please note, that the software used for this guide does not enable reference list examples to be shown with a 0.5 inch indent, which is how APA references should appear in a reference list.

How to reference films & video

The author of a film is the director.

Reference order

  1. Director’s surname/family name, 
  2. Initials.
  3. Director (in round brackets). 
  4. Year (in round brackets). 
  5. Title of film (in italics). 
  6. Film. (in square brackets). 
  7. Name of production company(s).

In-text example

Joker (Phillips, 2019) raises questions about mental illness and inability to tell right from wrong. 
OR  
In Joker (2019) the director, Todd Phillips, raises questions about mental illness and inability … 
OR 
Joker raises questions about mental illness and… (Phillips, 2019)

Reference list

Phillips, T. (Director). (2019). Joker [Film]. Warner Bros. Pictures. 

Please note, that the software used for this guide does not enable reference list examples to be shown with a 0.5 inch indent, which is how APA references should appear in a reference list.

 

Reference order

  1. Author - Person(s) or Group who posted the video.
  2. Date posted (Year, Month Day in round brackets).
  3. Video title (in italics).
  4. Video. (in square brackets). 
  5. Name of streaming service. 
  6. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL https:// 

In-text example

Cognitive behavioural therapy and rational emotive behavioural therapy use an ABC formulation (Lewis Psychology, 2023). 
OR 
Lewis Psychology explains how cognitive behavioural therapy and rational emotive behavioural therapy use an ABC formulation (2023). 

Reference list

Lewis Psychology. (2023, May 31). The ABC Model of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy CBT. [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved July 19, 2023, from https://youtu.be/zcgbG1ZDQug

Please note, that the software used for this guide does not enable reference list examples to be shown with a 0.5 inch indent, which is how APA references should appear in a reference list.

 

How to reference a Podcast or Vodcast/Vidcast/Vlog

The host of the podcast/vodcast/vlog is the author.  
If the podcast is accessed through an app and the URL is not known, omit the URL. 

Reference order

  1. Author(s) surname/family name, 
  2. Initials.
  3. Host(s) (in round brackets).
  4. Date of podcast (Year, Month Day). 
  5. Title of podcast. (in italics if not part of a series).
  6. Number of episode if a numbered series (No. XX in round brackets).
  7. Audio or Video podcast (in square brackets). 
  8. In
  9. Title of podcast series if part of a series (in italics).
  10. Production company if known. 
  11. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL https:// if known.

In-text example

The role of forensic psychologists working in Youth Custody Service is discussed in an interview with Alisa Purton and Ariane Hanman (Tilt & Hocken, 2022, May 20). 
OR 
Tilt and Hocken discuss the role of forensic psychologists working in Youth Custody Service with Alisa Purton and Ariane Hanman (2022, May 20). 

Reference list

Tilt, S., & Hocken, K. (Hosts). (2022, May 20). Children in custody. [Audio podcast]. In The Forensic Psychology Podcast. Retrieved July 19, 2023, from https://forensicpsychologypodcast.libsyn.com/children-in-custody 

Please note, that the software used for this guide does not enable reference list examples to be shown with a 0.5 inch indent, which is how APA references should appear in a reference list.

How to reference television programmes & series

The author of a televison programme is the director. 

Reference order

  1. Director’s surname/family name, 
  2. Initials.
  3. Director (in round brackets).
  4. Date of broadcast (Year, Month Day). 
  5. Title of TV programme (in italics).
  6. TV programme (in square brackets).
  7. Production company(s). 

In-text example

Parker’s (2019) documentary poignantly explores body dysmorphic disorder… 
 

Reference list

Parker, M. (Director). (2019, March 26). Ugly me: My life with body dysmorphia [TV programme]. BBC Television. 
 

Please note, that the software used for this guide does not enable reference list examples to be shown with a 0.5 inch indent, which is how APA references should appear in a reference list.

The author of an episode of a television series will be its director(s) and writer(s). 

When writers and director are different then place the terms Director and Writer after their names in round brackets to indicate who has performed each function. 

If the director or writers cannot be identified, then use executive producer.

Reference list

  1. Writer(s), surname/family name, initials. 
  2. Writer(s) (in round brackets). 
  3. Director(s), surname/family name, initials.
  4. Director(s) (in round brackets). 
  5. Date of broadcast (in round brackets).
  6. Title of episode (no italics).
  7. Series number, episode number (in round brackets). 
  8. TV series episode (in square brackets). 
  9. In
  10. Executive producer(s), family name or surname, initials.
  11. Executive producers (in square brackets).
  12. Title of TV series (in italics). 
  13. Name of production company(s). 

In-text example

Tyrion Lannister perhaps sums up the appeal of Game of thrones, when in the final episode, The iron throne, he says: “There’s nothing more powerful in the world than a good story” (Benioff and Weiss, 2019).

Reference list

Benioff, D. & Weiss D.B. (Writers & Directors). (2019, May 19). The iron throne. (Series 8, Episode 6) [TV series episode]. In Benioff, D. & Weiss, D. B. [Executive Producers], Game of thrones. HBO Entertainment Television. 
 

Please note, that the software used for this guide does not enable reference list examples to be shown with a 0.5 inch indent, which is how APA references should appear in a reference list.

How to reference radio & audio sources

The presenter(s) of the radio programme is the author. Where there is no identifiable presenter, use the director of the programme. Producer may be used where no director can be identified. Use the production company details if you cannot identify the producer.

Reference order

  1. Presenter(s) surname/family name,
  2. Initials.
  3. Presenter (in round brackets). 
  4. Date of broadcast (Year, Month Day in round brackets). 
  5. Title of radio programme (in italics).
  6. Radio programme (in square brackets).
  7. Name of radio channel.
  8. URL https:// if heard online. 

In-text example

Mckee’s (2023) documentary Idle talk: Wales’s oral tradition, explores how the art of storytelling “has created strong emotional ties…” 
OR 
The documentary, Idle talk: Wales’s oral tradition, explores how the art of storytelling “has created strong emotional ties…”(McKee, 2023). 

Reference list

McKee, A.  (Presenter). (2023, July 26). Idle talk: Wales’s oral tradition [Radio programme]. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m001mlnb 

Please note, that the software used for this guide does not enable reference list examples to be shown with a 0.5 inch indent, which is how APA references should appear in a reference list.

 

The presenter(s) of the radio programme is the author. Where there is no identifiable presenter, use the director of the programme. Producer may be used where no director can be identified. Use the production company details if you cannot identify the producer.

Reference order                       

  1. Presenter(s) surname/family name,
  2. Initials.
  3. Presenter (in round brackets). 
  4. Date of broadcast (Year, Month Day in round brackets).
  5. Title of radio episode (no italics).
  6. Series number, episode number (in round brackets). 
  7. Radio series episode (in square brackets). 
  8. In
  9. Executive producer(s), surname/family name, initials. 
  10. Executive Producer (in square brackets).
  11. Title of radio series (in italics). 
  12. Name of radio channel
  13. URL https:// if heard online. 

In-text example

Stay young presenter, Michael Moseley, suggests that keeping our minds sharp depends on ... (2023). 
OR 
Keeping our minds sharp depends on ... (Moseley, 2023). 

Reference list

Moseley, M. (Presenter). (2023, 12 July). Stay sharp. (Season1, Episode 3) [Radio Series episode]. In Heron, Z. [Executive Producer], Stay young. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m001npnv
 

Please note, that the software used for this guide does not enable reference list examples to be shown with a 0.5 inch indent, which is how APA references should appear in a reference list.

 

 

Reference order

  1. Speaker(s) surname/family name,
  2. Initial(s).
  3. Date (Year, Month Day in round brackets).
  4. Title of recording (in italics). 
  5. Speech audio recording (in square brackets). 
  6. Source of recording, ie. website, CD etc. 
  7. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL https:// if heard online. 

In-text example

The debate discusses … (Dollimore et al., 1991). 
OR 
Dollimore et al. discuss … (1991).

Reference list

Dollimore, J., Fletcher, J., Golding, S., & Segal, L. (1991, November 11). Sexual dissidence. Talking ideas. [Speech audio recording]. British Library Sounds. Retrieved August 4, 2023, from https://sounds.bl.uk/sounds/sexual-dissidence-talking-ideas-1001414600660x000006 

Please note, that the software used for this guide does not enable reference list examples to be shown with a 0.5 inch indent, which is how APA references should appear in a reference list.